Garlic is a versatile and flavorful ingredient found in many kitchens and used in a variety of dishes. Growing garlic at home is a rewarding and relatively simple process, as it requires minimal maintenance and can thrive in a range of climates. By understanding the fundamentals of planting, growing, and harvesting garlic, gardeners can enjoy a bountiful harvest of their own homegrown bulbs.
Before planting garlic, it is crucial to choose the right variety, location, and planting time to optimize the growth and yield of the crop. Garlic typically grows best in well-draining soil with at least six hours of sunlight each day, ensuring that the plants receive sufficient light and nutrients for healthy growth. Fall is the ideal time to plant garlic, as the cloves develop strong roots and begin to sprout before the winter months, which then allows for a summer harvest when the stems start to turn yellow.
Preparing the soil and planting the cloves correctly play a major role in the success of a garlic crop. Loosening the soil to a depth of at least 8 inches and incorporating organic fertilizer helps to create a nutrient-rich environment for the garlic to prosper. Planting larger cloves 2 to 3 inches deep and spacing them 4 to 6 inches apart allows for optimal growth and results in larger, healthier bulbs at harvest time. By following these essential steps, gardeners can successfully grow and enjoy the benefits of their own garlic crop.
Choosing the Right Garlic Variety
When it comes to growing garlic, there are hardneck, softneck, and elephant garlic varieties. Choosing the right variety depends on your personal taste preferences and the region in which you’re gardening. Below, we’ll discuss the main types of garlic and their characteristics.
Hardneck Garlic
Hardneck garlic (Allium Sativum ophioscorodon) produces a flower stalk called a scape, which eventually forms a bulbil, or small bulb. These varieties are known for their stronger flavors and larger individual cloves. Among hardneck garlic types, the most popular is Rocambole garlic, which has a complex flavor profile and is delicious when used in culinary dishes.
Hardneck garlic is better suited for colder climates, as it tends to benefit from a period of chilly weather during the winter months. In regions with milder winters, hardnecks may not produce as well.
Softneck Garlic
Softneck garlic (Allium Sativum sativum) varieties do not produce a scape and often have more cloves per bulb than hardneck garlic. Softnecks are also generally easier to grow and have a longer storage life than hardnecks. These varieties are favored by commercial growers, as they are more adaptable to various climates.
Softneck garlic is suitable for warmer climates, although it can also be grown in cooler areas. This type of garlic is often associated with the classic white or purple-skinned bulbs commonly found in supermarkets.
Elephant Garlic
Elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum) is not a true garlic, but a close relative of the leek. Despite its name, it has a milder flavor than either hardneck or softneck garlic. Its main advantage among home gardeners is the size of its cloves, which are generously large and easy to peel.
Elephant garlic can be grown in various climates, although it tends to prefer warmer regions. It’s a great alternative if you’re looking for something with a more subtle taste and larger bulbs for your garden.
By understanding the characteristics of hardneck, softneck, and elephant garlic varieties, you can choose the best option for your garden and culinary needs. Consider your climate and garlic preferences when making your selection.
Preparing the Soil and Planting Area
The first step in planting garlic is ensuring proper soil conditions. Start by examining your soil’s structure and fertility. The ideal soil for growing garlic should not be too heavy (clay) or too light (sand) and should have good drainage to retain water and nutrients without becoming waterlogged1.
For optimal garlic growth, target a soil pH level between 6.0 and 7.0, which allows the garlic to absorb necessary nutrients. Adjust your soil’s pH level by adding lime to increase the pH or sulfur to decrease it. Once the soil structure and pH are appropriate, it’s time to focus on organic matter and fertility. Mix in compost or well-rotted manure to add essential nutrients and improve the soil structure4.
In the planting area, create rows that are spaced 12-18 inches apart for ample growing space, and dig drainage holes or trenches approximately 2-3 inches deep3. Before planting the seed garlic, it is also essential to de-weed the planting area to support the garlic’s growth by minimizing competition for nutrients and reducing the risk of disease4.
Since garlic grows best in cool climates, it is ideal to plant in the fall, about 4-6 weeks before the first hard frost. This timing provides the garlic with sufficient energy to establish roots but not enough time for top growth before the cold weather sets in5.
After planting, cover the soil with a layer of mulch, such as straw or leaves, to regulate moisture levels, protect the garlic from harsh winter temperatures, and suppress weed growth. As the climate begins to warm in the spring, the mulch will also provide the garlic with extra nutrients as it decomposes1.
Planting and Spacing Garlic Cloves
When it comes to growing garlic, understanding the proper planting and spacing techniques is essential for a successful harvest. This section covers two key aspects: planting depth and row spacing.
Planting Depth
Start by separating the garlic bulbs into individual cloves, ensuring the papery layer around each clove remains intact. Select the largest cloves for planting, using the smaller ones for cooking or preserving[1].
To plant, dig holes in the ground approximately 2 to 3 inches deep, which is the optimal depth for garlic cloves[2]. Plant the cloves with the wider root side facing down and the pointed end facing up. This position helps the roots to establish properly in the soil, while the shoots have an easier time breaking through the surface[3].
Row Spacing
Space the holes 4 to 6 inches apart, which allows for adequate root growth and prevents overcrowding[1]. Create rows 6 to 12 inches apart; this makes it easier for air to circulate around the plants and reduces the risk of disease[2].
The recommended planting time for garlic is in spring, when temperature is suitable for its growth. Spring planting ensures the garlic develops properly, as it has sufficient time to grow before the onset of colder temperatures[3].
When planting, it may be helpful to mulch the soil with straw, which not only conserves moisture but also suppresses weeds and provides insulation for the garlic during fluctuating temperatures. To further assist with timing, consider planting alongside early spring flowers such as daffodils and crocuses; as their foliage emerges, it serves as an indicator for garlic planting time[2].
Caring for Growing Garlic
Watering
Consistent watering is essential for healthy garlic growth. Begin watering your garlic after the last frost in your area at the beginning of the growing season. Give your garlic at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of water every week. Garlic plants prefer moist, well-drained soil, so avoid overwatering to prevent waterlogged conditions which can lead to root rot (WikiHow).
Fertilizing
Garlic is a heavy feeder and requires adequate nutrients for optimum growth. To provide these nutrients, work a couple of tablespoons of 5-10-10 complete fertilizer, bonemeal, or fish meal into the soil several inches below where the base of the garlic cloves will rest (The Old Farmer’s Almanac). Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for garlic, and soil should be amended with organic, nitrogen-rich ingredients like compost, well-aged manure, or organic fertilizer (Get Busy Gardening). The ideal soil pH for garlic is neutral, around 6.0 to 7.0.
Dealing with Weeds
Keeping the garlic bed free of weeds is crucial, as they compete with garlic plants for water, nutrients, and sunlight. Mulching with straw or other organic materials can help suppress weed growth and maintain soil moisture (Gardening Know How).
In addition to these care tips, garlic thrives in a temperature range of 55°F to 75°F (13°C to 24°C), and requires at least six hours of full sun per day. Hardneck garlic varieties produce garlic scapes, which should be removed to encourage bulb growth. Softneck garlic varieties do not produce scapes and can be grown in warmer climates. Finally, ensure your garlic is grown in loose, well-draining soil or potting mix for best results.
Harvesting and Storing Garlic
Harvesting Time
Garlic harvest time typically occurs during mid-summer, depending on the variety and the planting time. The lower third of the garlic leaves turning yellow is often an indication that bulbs are ready for harvest[source]. Be cautious not to wait too long, as over-matured bulbs with split skins are more susceptible to mold and rot.
When harvesting garlic, carefully remove the straw mulch covering and use a garden fork to gently loosen the soil around the garlic plant. Lift the garlic cloves out of the ground, taking care not to damage the bulb, roots, or garlic leaves in the process. It’s important to remove both the bulb and the roots to allow for proper curing.
Storing Garlic Properly
Before storing garlic, it needs to be cured. Curing allows the skin to dry out, sealing the garlic cloves and extending their shelf life. To cure garlic, let it sit in an airy, shady, and dry spot for about two weeks[source]. Garlic can be hung upside down on a string in bunches of 4 to 6, or placed on a homemade rack made from chicken wire stretched over posts. Ensure that all sides have good air circulation.
Once the garlic has been properly cured, it should be stored in a cool, dark, and well-ventilated area. Softneck garlic varieties can be stored up to 6 to 8 months[source], while some hardneck varieties may not last as long. Check them regularly for signs of mold or rot and discard any affected bulbs to maintain the quality of the remaining garlic.
Using Garlic and Garlic Scapes in Cooking
Garlic and garlic scapes provide unique flavors and textures that enhance a wide variety of dishes. Understanding the differences between the two and exploring various methods of preparation will expand your culinary repertoire.
Cooking with Garlic Cloves
Garlic cloves, the below-ground part of the Allium sativum plant, are a staple ingredient in many cuisines worldwide. Whether softneck or hardneck varieties, garlic cloves can be used in various ways to add a depth of flavor to your dishes.
Some common methods for cooking with garlic include:
- Raw: Finely chopped or crushed garlic adds a sharp, pungent flavor to dressings and sauces.
- Sautéed: Lightly sautéing garlic in oil mellows its flavor and brings out a sweet, aromatic quality that is excellent for stir-fries, pasta dishes, and more.
- Roasted: Whole or halved garlic cloves become rich and flavorful when roasted, making a delicious addition to hearty dishes or simply spreading on toast.
Using Garlic Scapes
Garlic scapes, the edible, curly stems that grow above ground on hardneck garlic varieties, are a lesser-known but equally delicious part of the plant. Often available at farmers’ markets or in CSA shares, these scapes provide a delicate garlic flavor that complements a range of dishes.
To use garlic scapes in your cooking, first remove the ends and buds, then chop or slice them as desired. Some popular preparations for garlic scapes include:
- Grilling: Toss the scapes with oil, salt, and pepper, and grill over medium heat until they are nicely charred on the outside and tender on the inside, about 10 minutes. Serve hot, garnished with parmesan cheese (The Spruce Eats) .
- Stir-fries: Add chopped scapes to stir-fries along with other vegetables and proteins for a unique twist on a classic dish.
- Pesto: Swap out traditional basil for garlic scapes in a pesto recipe for an interesting change of pace.
Garlic scapes can also be blanched briefly and then frozen, preserving their vibrant green color and making them available for use in recipes year-round (Taste of Home).
Common Pests and Diseases Affecting Garlic
Garlic is a hardy crop, but it can still be affected by various pests and diseases which may impact its growth and yield. This section covers some of the most common issues faced by garlic growers and offers suggestions on how to deal with them.
Some of the most common pests that affect garlic plants include Onion Thrips, Dry Bulb Mites, Onion Maggot, Red Spider Mite, Stem and Bulb Nematodes, Allium Leaf Miner, Tobacco Caterpillar, and Leek Moth. These pests can cause damage to garlic plants by feeding on the leaves, stems, and bulbs, leading to stunted growth and reduced yield.
To manage pests effectively, consider using natural predators, such as ladybugs for thrips or predatory mites for spider mites. Also, maintain proper sanitation in the garden by removing debris and weeds that may serve as hiding spots for pests. Crop rotation and planting garlic in raised beds or containers are additional strategies to lessen the chances of pest infestations.
Garlic plants can also suffer from diseases such as Botrytis Rot and Penicillium Decay. Botrytis Rot, a fungal disease, usually appears after warm, wet weather and can affect both growing plants and stored bulbs. Penicillium Decay, on the other hand, is often spread by planting infected cloves and can infect plants through the basal plate.
To prevent these diseases, practice good hygiene by cleaning and sanitizing tools, and planting disease-free cloves. Applying a layer of mulch, like straw or shredded leaves, around the plants can also help retain soil moisture and prevent diseases from splashing onto the plants. Properly drying and storing bulbs in a well-ventilated area can also reduce the chances of disease during storage.